GASTRITIS
It is the inflammation of the gastric mucosal membrane;
it can be active or chronic. The three
important causes of gastritis are H.Pylori infection, NSAID
(Non Steroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs and autoimmunity.
ACUTE GASTRITIS
Acute gastritis is often hemorrhagic and erosive.
Causes: Drugs like non steroid anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAID's), aspirin, etc.
Intake of corrosive substances (acids, alkalies),
Excessive use of alcohol,
Severe stress,
Chronic smoking,
Excessive use of spicy foods
Secondary to conditions like surgery (CVA, trauma,
shock, sepsis, burns), portal hypertension with gastropathy)
Clinical
features
Ò Anorexia
Ò Nausea
Ò Vomiting
Ò Upper
abdominal pain
Ò Hematemesis
Ò Melena
Ò Dehydration
Ò Fever
and Epigastric tenderness.
CHRONIC GASTRITIS
Chronic gastritis is divided into two types.
a) Type A gastritis: here proximal and secreting
part of the stomach is involved. Pernicious anemia is the major cause. In this type,
there is autoimmune gastritis involved in the fundal glands. Gastric carcinoid
tumour without metastasis may be seen.
b) Type B gastritis: the causative organism is
H.Pylori, and the mechanism of injury is not clear. It is transmitted from
person to person, but the mode of spread is not clear. Sometimes there may be
metaplasia of the gastric epithelium to the intestinal epithelium. However,
this infection may give rise to peptic ulcer.
Treatment
Avoid spicy foods, alcohol, etc.
Homeopathy is strongly recommended for gastritis. Both
acute as well as chronic gastritis are proved to be benefited by homeopathy. The
recurrence can also be prevented.
Regularly used medicines are Nux vom, Carbo veg,
Pulsatilla, Abies Nigra, etc
GASTRO-ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
(GERD)-
It is caused by re-flux of the stomach contents into the lower end of the
esophagus.
The foods when reaches into the stomach mixes with
hydrochloric acid in the stomach, it becomes acidic in nature. And these acidic
foods cause damage to the inner lining of esophagus and thus heartburn.
In normal individual, the sphincter in the lower end
of the esophagus prevents the back flow foods from the stomach to the esophagus
because the sphincter is intact. However, once it becomes weak, the tone of the
sphincter reduces and when intra-abdominal pressure raises the food reflux back.
Causes of GERD
Hiatus Hernia
(HH)
Hiatus hernia develops due to the pressure
difference between abdominal and thoracic cavities. Besides the angulations
between cardia and esophagus is lost. Patients with Hiatus hernia may be
symptomatic or asymptomatic.
Delayed
esophageal clearance
When esophageal clearance is delayed there is an
increase in acid exposure time. Defective acidic clearance occurs after
inflammation of the oesophagus.
Defective
gastric emptying
The exact reason which causes defective gastric
emptying is not known.
Gastric content
Since the gastric content is acidic there is a relationship
between acid exposure time and development of symptoms.
Increased intra
abdominal pressure
Factors which increase the intra abdominal pressure
like pregnancy, obesity causes GERD. So weight loss may sometimes improve the
symptoms.
Dietary and
environmental factors
Non steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),
alcohol, smoking; chocolate, coffee, fatty food will relax the lower
esophageal sphincter which leads to GERD.
SYMPTOMS AND
CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH GERD
TYPICAL
SYMPTOMS: heartburn, acid regurgitation.
Atypical symptoms: dysphagia, globus sensation,
non-cardiac chest pain, dyspepsia or abdominal pain.
Extra esophageal symptoms: hoarseness or sore
throat, sinusitis, Otis media, chronic cough, laryngitis or polyps on the
vocal cords or both, dental erosions, non atopic asthma, recurrent aspiration
or pulmonary fibrosis.
Other symptoms include sour or
bitter taste in the mouth, water brash, coughing or choking.
Malignancy: esophageal adenocarcinoma,
Homeopathic
treatment.
The treatment
strategy-acute symptoms such as heart burn, dysphagia, and dyspepsia are given
prime importance, because these symptoms are most distressing to the patient.
So these symptoms should be cured first and for that medicines like Ars alb,
Robenia, Carbo veg, Iris vers etc; are given based on the present
symptomatology. This is followed by a deep acting anti miasmatic remedy to
prevent the recurrence as well as complications. All these methods are safe and
give permanent results.
For treatment log on to
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ACHALASIA OF THE CARDIA (CARDIOSPASM)
It is
the failure of relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) on swallowing. The
lower esophageal sphincter cut off the esophagus from the stomach. The failure
is due to nerve damage of esophagus or damage of LES.So after eating instead of
food going to stomach, due to the damaged sphincter food accumulates in the
lower end of the esophagus. The risk is more in people with autoimmune
disorders.
Clinical features
1)
Dysphagia: patient usually complaints about difficulty in swallowing solid
foods. And there is a sensation of food sticking in the esophagus at first
intermittent later, continuous and later after every meal.And it is more with
solid foods. Emotional stress and eating icy cold foods will aggravate dysphagia...
2)
Regurgitation: after eating food regurgitates back at first immediately and
sometimes retained for hours.
3) Chest pain: spontaneous retrosternal
pain (heart burn) during the night and day.
4)
Respiratory symptoms: cough, dyspnoea, pneumonia, bronchiectasis
5)
Asymptomatic: sometimes the condition is discovered as the mediastinal swelling
on routine chest.
X
ray
Complications
1)
Lung fibrosis
2)
Carcinoma
3)
Malnutrition
Treatment-
General
measures- avoid spicy and ice cold foods. Since stress is an aggravating factor,
mental relaxation is important.
Homeopathic treatment is based on
symptomatology. Based on the aggravating and ameliorating factors and patient’s
mental and physical peculiarities remedies are chosen. Usually, the prognosis
is good.
Medicines like Ars alb, iris vers,
Phosphorus, Nat mur etc
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more information logs on to www.onlinehomeocure.com
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Alcohol
is the most common cause of chronic liver disease.
Individuals
who drank heavily for more than five years develop the liver disease for the
majority of the cases.
However,
there is no clear-cut linear relationship between the dose and liver damage.
Risk factors
Continuous
drinking is more dangerous than the binge drinking.
Females
are more prone to develop the liver disease than man.
Genetics
plays a role for the development of alcoholic liver disease.
Alcohol
is metabolized mainly in liver. This alcohol is converted into acetaldehyde,
and this acetaldehyde acts with certain protein and causes the liver cell
damage.
Clinical features
Ò
Most often liver is enlarged.
Ò
The liver function tested may be abnormal
but without any symptoms.
Ò
The liver may be abnormal or enlarged.
Ò
In alcoholic hepatitis, there will be
jaundice.
Ò
Malnutrition
Ò
Hepatomegaly
Ò
And if cirrhosis develops -then.
Ò
The liver will be large or normal or
small.
Ò
There will be ascites.
Ò
Cancer of liver-*(hepatocellular
carcinoma)
Investigations
Blood
–complete blood count- increased macrocytes in the absence of anemia.
Liver
function test.
X
ray chest-unexplained rib fracture, especially both sides are suggestive of
alcohol misuse.
Test
for the jaundice-presence of jaundice is an evidence of alcoholic hepatitis.
Liver
biopsy
Treatment
General
treatment
Complete
stoppage alcohol. It will not only prevent the progress against the disease but
along with therapies, there is a chance to complete recovery.
Good
nutrition is a must.
Homeopathic treatment.
As
Dr Hahnemann has pointed out if the cause is stopped there will be a cure. So
after stopping alcohol and with good nutrition, and the treatment if switched
on to homeopathic treatment definitely, the life span be prolonged.
Medicines
that are effective for alcoholic liver diseases are Nux vom, Chelidonum,
Lycopodium, Carcinosinum, etc.
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talk to dr Akbar logs on to www.onlinehomeocure.com
Mail
to mail!@doctorakbarkp.com
ASCITES
Ascites
is the accumulation of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
It
may be due to heart failure, cirrhosis of liver or malignancy.
Clinical features-
The
main feature is the distention of the abdomen. The umbilicus becomes everted,
scrotal oedema, hernia, are the associated features.
Causes of ascites.
1-Malignantdiseases.
2-Cardiac
failure.
3-Liver
cirrhosis.
4-Infection
like tuberculosis, inflammation in the peritoneum.
5-Nephrotic
syndrome.
6-Hyperthyroidism.
7-Renal
dialysis.
8-Lymphatic
obstruction.
9-Pancreatitis.
Appearance of ascitic fluid.
a)
Clear or light green in cirrhosis
b)
Bloody fluid in malignancy.
c)
Cloudy in infection.
d)
Milky white in lymphatic obstruction
Grading of ascites
Grade
1
Mild
and visible by ultrasound only
Grade
2
Bulging
of both flanks and shifting dullness on percussion.
Grade
3
Abdomen
distended with the fluid thrill on auscultation.
Investigation
Ultrasonography
is the best choice.
Tapping
the fluid (paracentesis) is useful for analysis the fluid.
Depending
upon the concentration of protein the fluid may be exudates or transudate.
In
cirrhosis of liver, it is transudate.
Treatment
General
measures
The
aim is to relieve the discomfort.
Reduce
the sodium and fluid intake.
If
there is too much discomfort tapping of the fluid is necessary.
Homeopathic treatment
Since
the disease is a very complicated one, and the causes behind the ascites are severe
the remedy and potency selection should be considerably cautious.
The
medicine is better tried in the tincture form or in low potency. The discomfort
should be relieved first in severe cases. For that, homeopathic remedies like
Apis, Ars alb, Apocyanum is effective. Once the acute symptoms are over
constitutional drugs are chosen after considering the mental and physical totality
of the patient and with given importance to the underlying disease symptoms.
The cause to the formation of ascites should be given importance. Because
common symptoms in the disease should be avoided while selecting the deep
acting homeopathic remedies.Anyway homeopathic is effectivein the treatment of ascites.
Medicine can be tried even after paracentesis, so that further formation can be
prevented. Even so, the treatment is a prolonged process.
STOMACH CANCER
Stomach
cancer is otherwise known as gastric cancer. The basic pathology is that
stomach cancer is that the normal cells of the stomach get converted into
cancer cells. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.
The
most common cancer of the stomach is gastric adenocarcinoma.
Risk factors associated with gastric
cancer.
1)
Genetic factor
Family
history- A blood group person is more prone to get cancer of the stomach.
2)
Environmental and dietary factors
Salted
pickles, smoked meat and fish, cigarette smoking, poor-quality diets low in
Vitamin C and high in starch.
3)
Infection
H
pylori infection
4)
Pre malignant condition such as
Chronic
atrophic gastritis
Benign
gastric ulcer
5)Previous
gastric surgery
6)
Smoking
7)
Alcohol
Clinical features
Indigestion
Weight
loss
Dysphagia
Dyspepsia
Nausea
and vomiting
Vomiting
of blood (hematemesis)
Malena
(blood in stool)
Profound
anorexia
Flatulence
On
examination anemia, weight loss and palpable mass in the epigastrium may be
seen. Jaundice and ascites reveal the spread to liver. Sometimes cancer may
spread to left supraclavicular lymph node or umbilicus or ovaries.
Liver,
lungs, bone marrow, and peritoneum are the common sites of spread.
Investigations
Upper
gastrointestinal endoscopy
Biopsy
CT
to rule out spread
Treatment
Surgery-partial
gastrectomy if localized, and total gastrectomy for certain gastric tumors.
Radiation
and chemotherapy
Homeopathic treatment.
Since
the disease present with too many signs and symptom homeopathy has got a better
treatment scope. These will not only prevent the spread but also will improve
the quality of life.
In
post surgical cases or even after radiation and chemotherapy homeopathy has
also got a better treatment protocol to improve the unwanted after-effects of
these methods. Usually, patients won't approach to the beginning stage but will
approach the homeopathic doctor in terminal stages only. In that stage, the
patients may be very weak, with difficulty in eating and drinking. In such
cases also the homeopath takes the present pathological symptoms and medicines
in low potency or in tincture forms are prescribed. In the majority of the
cases, these methods give a better quality of life and survival.
For
more details log on to www.onlinehomeocure.com
Or
mail to mail@doctorakbarkp.com
CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER
Cirrhosis of
liver is one of the most common causes of death in younger age groups. It can
occur in any age.
Causes of cirrhosis
Alcohol
Chronic viral
hepatitis B or C
Genetic and
immune causes
Biliary causes
Whatever may be
the cause the basic reason is the recurrent or persistent death of liver cells or
hepatocytes. Alcohol is considered to be the prime cause of cirrhosis worldwide.
Due to progressive
wide-spread death of liver cell associated with inflammation and fibrosis, the
normal architecture of liver is lost. The process is gradual and highly progressive
unless and until abstain from the cause. For example, if the cause is alcoholism,
complete stoppage of the alcohol will prevent the further damage of liver
cells.
Clinical features of cirrhosis-
Cirrhosis may be
asymptomatic or just an enlargement of the liver is the sign.
There is severe
weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal; discomfort, and weight
loss will be there.
Along with
hepatomegaly there will be jaundice
Ascites
Cyanosis (bluish
discoloration)
Bleeding
tendency
Enlargement of
spleen
Pigmentation and
digital clubbing.
Enlargement of
the liver is the common accompaniment of alcoholism.
However, liver
size is reduced in viral hepatitis and autoimmune liver diseases.
The enlarged
liver is painless, hard, and there may be slight yellowish discoloration
(jaundice).
Sometimes dilated small blood vessels arranged
like spider pattern (spider telangiectasia) can be seen above the nipple. Along
with this if there is enlargement of breast in male (gynecomastia) and parotid
gland enlargement; it is strong indication of alcoholic liver disease.
Prognosis
Usually,
prognosis is very bad. However, when the underlying causes are corrected the
prognosis is more favorable.
Investigation
Complete blood
count
Liver function
test
USG abdomen
Treatment
If alcoholism is
the cause, stoppage of the same is the primary need.
Diet for cirrhosis
Abstain from
alcohol
Eat low sodium
diet. Avoid added salt and tinned salted foods.
Can eat legumes,
poultry and fish
Homeopathic treatment
The first and
foremost thing is if there damage to the liver reversal to normalcy is a rare
possibility. Nevertheless, there is a ray of hope, that, the further damage can
be prevented by homeopathic remedies along with exactly formulated diet.
The better
homeopathic remedies are Chelidonium, Cardus marianus, Lycopodium, Nux vomica,
etc.
A better scope
and prognosis are seen in a majority of the cases of cirrhosis if it is due to alcoholism.
In short, homeopathy
is definitely an alternative to prevent the prognosis of the damaged liver and thereby
to improve the quality of life.
COLORECTAL
CANCER
Rectum
is the last part of colon. It is the second most common internal cancer and other
leading cause of cancer death in western countries.
Causes of colorectal cancer
Environmental
factors and genetic factors play the major role in colorectal cancer.
Of
these 80% of the share goes to environmental factors.
Of
this dietary, factors are the major causes.
Red
meat –it contains high saturated fat and protein. During cooking carcinogenic
amines are formed.
Non
dietary factors include long standing ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease,
pelvic radiotherapy.
Obesity
Sedentary
lifestyle
Continuous
use of aspirin
Smoking
Alcohol
Signs and symptoms
General
features like
Ò Weakness
Ò Fatigue
Ò Diarrhoea
Ò Weight
loss
Specific
symptoms depend on the site of cancer.
Fresh
rectal bleeding is the feature of tumor affecting left colon. And fecal
obstruction occurs too early.
In
tumor of right colon, there is anemia, and occult bleeding. Here the fecal
obstruction occurs very late.
Rectal
bleeding and abdominal pain are the major symptoms.
On
examination, there is anemia, palpable mass, enlargement of liver due to
spread. In tumors of the lower part of the rectum, the mass can be palpated by
digital examination.
Investigations
include
Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
Pelvic
MRI
CT
clonography
Measuring
of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) help to detect early recurrence.
Homeopathic treatment.
Well
proved homeopathic remedies are available in the homeopathic therapeutic
system.
A
well experienced homeopathic doctor can effectively manage the signs and
symptoms of colorectal cancer. It is also equally effective in the terminal
stage as a palliative measure.
Remedies
usually indicated are Acid nit, Carcinosinum, Thuja, Ruta, Hydrastis, etc.
CONSTIPATION
It can be defined as infrequent or difficult passage
of faeces. It can also be hardness of stools or feeling of incomplete
evacuation.
Causes
Dietary factors- insufficient fiber into the diet.
Obstruction- tumors, inflammation, diverticular
disease.
Disorder in the peristaltic movement as in Irritable
Bowel Disease (IBD).
Ano-rectal diseases such as anal fissures, crohns
disease, hemorrhoids.
Medications like diuretics, analgesics, antacids, antipsychotics
and anticholinergic.
Metabolic/endocrine diseases like diabetes mellitus,
hypothyroidism, and pregnancy.
Neurological causes like- cerebrovascular accidents
(CVA), Parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis.
Gynecological causes like -pregnancy, ovarian
cancer.
Psychiatric disorders
such as depression.
Treatment-
General measures
Avoid the following the foods
Ò Meat
Ò Cheese
Ò Chips
Ò Ice
creams
Ò Fast
foods
Ò Snacks
Try the
following foods
Ò Eat
foods rich in fibers like
Ò Beans
Ò Raw
vegetables
Ò Fresh
fruit
Ò Whole-wheat
bread
Ò Oatmeal
Ò Drink
plenty of water- at least eight glasses per day
Ò And
mild to moderate exercise daily
Homeopathic
approach
In clinical practice, it is seen that the patients
who are on laxatives for constipation cannot avoid it. They develop a kind of
dependency for the laxative. Of course, these laxatives give a temporary
relief, but it cannot root the causes that play behind. In homeopathy, the medicines are selected by considering
the pathology behind constipation, and peculiarities in a patient with constipation.
So a single remedy cannot be projected as the homeopathic laxative. Even so, there
are a number of effective remedies in homeopathy that can prevent the
constipation permanently.
The frequently indicated remedies are Nux vom ,
Sulphur, Lyco, Hydrastis, Ruta, etc.
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CROHN’S DISEASE
Crohn’s
disease is one of the inflammatory bowel disease, the other being ulcerative
colitis. Crohn’s disease may affect the whole intestine starting from the mouth
to the anus. However, lower part of the small bowels has got the preference.
There
are deep ulcers, and these ulcers may penetrate the bowel wall and cause
abscesses or fistula.
Symptoms
Abdominal
pain, diarrhoea, weight loss is the predominant feature. Pain is associated
with diarrhoea, which may be watery and does not contain blood or mucus. Along
with this, there is a weight loss. The patient refuses to take food, because
food triggers abdominal pain, and so patient avoids eating. Not only that there
may be malabsorption, fat and protein and vitamin deficiencies. In crohn's
disease, rectum is not involved, and the presence of perianal abscess and
fistula favors the diagnosis of crohn’s disease.
In
crohn’s disease chances of cancer is comparatively low.
In
blood examination, there is marked anemia and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR),
and C-reactive protein (CRP) is raised.
Treatment
Aim
of treatment
Treat
the acute episodes
Prevent
relapse
Find
out cancer at an early stage
Homeopathic treatment
The
treatment aspect includes in a multifactorial approach.
The
medicine should work to correct the immunity, to control the acute attack, and
prevent relapse and also to prevent complications like abscesses and fistula
and cancer.
So
the remedy should be deep acting and an antimiasmatic.
A
long treatment is needed to achieve the above target. So a
classical approach though the path as pointed out by dr Hahnemann a
complete cure in early cases and prevention and control for the disease, and
its complication in advanced cases are
possible.
Medicines
like Tuberculinum, Phosphorus, Merc sol, etc. will give excellent results .
DIARRHOEA
Diarrhoea is the passage of loose stool more than two
times a day. It is the decrease in consistency or increase in liquidity of
stools.
Acute diarrhea
Causes
1-Viruses like adenovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus and herpes
simplex virus
2-Bacteria: E.Coli, salmonella, Shigella
3-Parasites: E.histolytica
4-Food poisoning or toxins
6) Drugs: antibiotics, antihypertensive, antineoplastic, CNS
drugs, antidepressants
Chronic diarrhoea
Causes
1) Dietary factor: indigestion of fructose, sorbitol, caffeine
2) Infections: giardia, E.histolytica
3) Drugs: antacids, antihypertensive, antibiotics, NSAID
s, digoxin
4) Lactose intolerance
5) Malabsorption: chronic pancreatitis, bacterial
overgrowth,
6) Inflammatory bowel disease
7) Radiation colitis.
8) Neoplasm: pancreatic cancer, neuroendocrine tumors,
9) Idiopathic secretary diarrhoea: microscopic colitis, collagenous
colitis, idiopathic bile salt diarrhoea.
10) Endocrine disorders: DM, hyperthyroidism, hypoadrenalism
11) Functional bowel disorders: purgative use and abuse
12) Feacal incontinence: anorectal surgery, autonomic
neuropathy
Clinical features
Symptoms
1) Weight loss
2) Abdominal pain
3) Abdominal distension
4) Rectal tenesmus
5) Chronic bloody diarrhoea with systemic upset
Signs
1) Abdominal tenderness
2) Abdominal bruit
3) Mass-carcinoma
4) Anal abnormalities like: fissures, perianal abscess
Treatment
In acute diarrhoea, taking the present symptomatology and
prescribing is the correct method. If it is due to drug, withdraw the
drugs. If it still persists, treatment
should be according to the present symptomatology.
In chronic diarrhoea, the present symptoms along with the
underlying disease symptoms are taken into consideration, and the potency
selecting depends up on the chronicity of the disease.
In both cases, homeopathy is very effective.
For treatment log on to www.onlinehomeocure.com
DYSPEPSIA
Dyspepsia also known as indigestion refers to upper
abdominal symptoms usually following intake of food.
Causes
1 ) Gastric
ulcers, gastritis, duodenal ulcer, duodenitis.
2) Functional dyspepsia-causes: duodenitis, gall bladder
stones, chronic pancreatitis, duodeno gastric reflux, intestinal parasites,
psychiatric disorders
3) Drug related- aspirin, NSAIDs, antibiotics, steroids, estrogens,
potassium supplements.
4) Extra intestinal systemic disease like diabetes
mellitus, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, uremia.
Flatulent dyspepsia has
no pathological causes and symptoms like belching,
bloating of abdomen and flatulency.
Symptoms of dyspepsia
Ò Retrosternal burning
Ò Regurgitation
Ò Epigastric pain on an empty stomach relieved with bland
food, antacids.
Ò Distension, early satiety, nausea, post prandial fullness
Diagnosis
Due to varied and nonspecific symptoms, diagnosis is very
difficult. Detailed narration of symptoms, including discomfort, nature and
relation with food, etc., should be taken into
consideration.
Esophago gastro duodenoscopy and after that a USG abdomen,
etc. can be done in doubtful cases.
Treatment
Eat slowly and with an ease mind
Eat warm food and not hot food
Homeopathic
medicines
Since dyspepsia nothing to do with organic causes it
is easily manageable. Symptoms like
heart burn, belching; loss f sleep can be managed by Nux Vom, carbo veg and for
evening aggravation lycopodium are good
DYSPHAGIA
Dysphagia is the difficulty in swallowing. And it indicates
a delay in passage of solid foods or liquids from mouth to stomach. Dysphagia
should be distinguished from odynophagia, which is discomfort or pain on
swallowing hot and cold liquids and occasionally alcohol.
Causes of
dysphagia
Acute causes
Inflammatory conditions
Example- Pharyngitis, Tonsillitis
Foreign body
Example-meat bolus, bone or other objects
Ingestion of caustic substances
Chronic causes
a) Oropharyngeal causes.
Neurological causes like- CVA, Parkinsonism, myasthenia
gravis, multiple sclerosis, polyneuropathy.
Infections like-candida, herpes
Mechanical or compressive causes like-intervertebral
disc degeneration, thyroid enlargement,
Pharyngeal pouch
Psychosomatic cause like globus hystericus
b) Oesophageal causes
Mechanical block like mediastinal neoplasm, esophageal
stricture
Muscular in-coordination like achalasia, diffuse
oesophageal spasm, oesophagitis
Symptoms and
signs
Ò Inability
to initiate swallowing properly
Ò Occurrence
of nasopharyngeal regurgitation
Ò Aspiration
of swallowed fluid into the air way
Ò
Coughing while
swallowing
Ò Weak
voice
Ò Chest
pain
Ò Heart
burns
Homeopathic
treatment
If dysphagia is due to mechanical causes, removal of
the cause is the primary treatment.
If dysphagia due to obstruction by growth like
mediastinal tumor, surgical removal followed by homeopathic treatment is the
treatment of choice.
In all other cases symptomatic treatments with
mental and physical totality as homeopathy implies.
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information and treatment www.onlinehomeocure.com
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FISSURE IN ANO
Fissure in ano
or anal fissure is the longitudinal tear in the anal mucosa. The tear may be
due to a trauma, scratch or friction.
Risk factors for anal fistula
Constipation
Ulcerative
colitis
Crohn’s disease
Symptoms of anal fissure
Ò
Mucous discharge from the
anus
Ò
The skin next to the
fissure become thickened severe pain during and after defecation.
Ò
Minor bleeding during
defecation
Ò
Pruritis ani
Ò
Edematous and protrude
and is called as the sentinel pile.
Treatment
General
treatment
First thing is to avoid is constipation.
To avoid the
constipation drink plenty of fluids and bulk forming laxatives.
And also advise
the patient for sitz bath. In sitz bath, patient sits in a wide basin with warm
water for 15 to 20 minutes. Salt can be added to the water.
Homeopathic treatment
After a few
months of treatment, complete cure is possible by homeopathic medicines.
Patient usually
comes to get some relief for the intolerable pain. Medicines selected as per
the nature of pain; time of aggravation of pain, etc. will give a speedy
recovery. Homeopathy has an effective role not only to relive the acute
symptoms but also for the complete cure. To get the permanent cure antisycotic
remedies is the treatment of choice. The
following is the best antisycotic medicines for the complete cure.
Thuja, Nitric
acid, Graphtis, Ratanhia, etc.
For treatment
contact through www.onlinehomeocure.com
To get more
details mail@doctorakbarkp.com
FISTULA IN
ANO
Fistula
in ano or anal fistula is a tube-like canal that opens at one end in anal canal
and the other end in perianal skin. When the anal glands become infected with
normal intestinal bacteria, the opening of the glands becomes blocked and began
to suppurate and becomes an abscess. This abscess ruptures spontaneously and
develops into a fistula. The abscess is extremely painful, and the pain will be
relieved only after releasing the pus either through medicine or surgical drainage.
Causes of anal fistula
Majority
of the cases the anal fistula develops spontaneously at its own, but
tuberculosis and crohn’s may also cause a fistula.
Signs and symptoms
Pain
Swelling
Tenderness
Fever
Itching
at the site of fistula-Due to constant discharge of pus there will be much
irritation and itching at the site.
Discharge
of pus or rarely faeces when the fistula opens.
Treatment
In
modern medicine, the treatment of choice is only surgery. In ayurvedic treatment,
there is a method called Kshara Sutra, which is a minimal invasive Para
surgical procedure.
Homeopathic
treatment
Whatever
may be the cause the tendency to form a fistula is corrected by giving exact
homeopathic remedies. The first line of treatment is to prevent the formation
of abscess, which is the precursor of fistula.
If
the patient comes with the abscess medicines for the abscess is selected
according to the patient’s condition. Once it is controlled the next step is to
prevent the recurrence.
Medicines
for abscess-Bell, Heap sulph, Silicia, etc.
Medicines
for fistula-Causticum, Acid nit, Calc sulph, Silicia etc
GALLSTONES
Gall bladder calculus may be pigment
stone or cholesterol stone. Usually mixed varieties are seen.
Certain dietary factors said to play a
role in the development of gall stones. Foods rich in cholesterol, fat, fewer
dietary fibers, etc. are the factors. However, moderate intake of alcohol does
not form gall stones.
Risk
factors for the development of gall stones.
Old age
Obesity
Pregnancy
Female gender
Fasting
Clinical
features
10% of the individuals with gall stones produce
symptoms. Majority are symptoms free.
Symptoms include
Pain-Biliary colic
There is a sudden onset
of pain, and pain extends for 2 to 3 hours. If it occurs, more than six-hour complications such as pancreatitis or
cholecystitis may be present.
Pain may be felt either
in the pit of stomach or right upper quadrant and radiate to either to tip of
right scapula or in between the scapular region.
Along with pain, there
may be fat intolerance, loss of appetite and flatulence.
Complications of gall stones
Cholecystitis-the stone the gall bladder may cause inflammation of the
gall bladder.
Jaundice-If the stone blocks the common bile duct. The flow of bile duct
is obstructed, which result in jaundice.
Pancreatitis-Blockage of the pancreatic duct results in inflammation of the
pancreas.
Investigations
X ray abdomen
USG
CT scan
Treatment
Small and medium-sized stone can
be managed by homeopathic remedies. But lager stones and multiple stones and
impacted stones usually surgery is the treatment of choice. However, pain and inflammation of gall bladder
–cholecystitis-can be managed homeopathic medicines. Small-sized stones can be expelled by homeopathic
medicines like Lycopodium, Fell tauri, Kalmegh, China, etc. medium sized stone
be reduced to small by homeopathic medicines and can make it symptoms free as
seen in clinical practice. Care should be taken in mobile (moving) stones because
there is a chance of the blocking the neck of gallbladder and thus causing the
stasis of bile, which results in jaundice. If so also think of surgery.
Generally in clinical practice, gall stone colic and cholecystitis can
be managed by homeopathic medicines.
HAEMORRHOIDS (PILES)
Piles
are inflamed or congested veins of the anal canal. Piles are very common among
adults. It may be of two types.
Internal
piles- internal piles are insides the rectum.
External
piles- external piles are outside the anal opening.
According
to the nature of occurrence piles may be-
First
degree-in first degree piles only bleeding will be there.
Second
degree –there will be a protrusion of pile mass during defecation and after defecation, it
will retract spontaneously.
Third-degree
piles-in which there is a protrusion of pile mass, but won’t retract back
spontaneously, instead it has to be replaced manually.
Fourth
degree- here the pile mass is always in the protruded state and cannot be
replaced back.
Causes of piles
Ò Constipation
Ò Prolonged
sitting
Ò Sedentary
life
Ò Obesity
Ò Pregnancy
Symptoms of piles
Ò Pain
Ò Itching
of the anus
Ò Mucus
discharges from the anus.
Treatment.
Homeopathic
medicines when tried in the beginning stage itself will cure the hemorrhoids totally
and thus preventing surgery. Usually, the first degree and second degree piles
are completely curable with homeopathy, but third and fourth degree; only relief
from the symptoms is possible.
Along
with medicines some control over the diet is needed. Person has to avoid meat
and chicken for a period of time. And diet should contain plenty of leafy vegetables,
which is the rich source of fiber and fiber type foods help to relieve
constipation.
However,
even after the diet changes and constipation persist in, the tendency can only
be relieved by removing the cause behind it. This can be achieved through homeopathic medicines, which go deep
into the constitution and make the body capable of getting rid of this
constipation.
The
main remedies are Nux vom, Suphur, Aesculus, Muriatic acid, Aloes, etc.
HEPATOCELLULAR
CARCINOMA
Hepatocellular
carcinoma (liver cancer) is one of the common liver tumors.
Causative factors are-
Chronic
hepatitis B infection.
Cirrhosis
of liver.
Cirrhosis
of liver due to alcohol is one of the major risk factor.
Sex-Men
are more prone to hepatocellular carcinoma.
The
tumor may be single without cirrhosis or multiple numbers with cirrhosis.
Spreads to lung and bone are rare.
Clinical features
Weight
loss
Anorexia
Abdominal
pain
Evidence
of cirrhosis like ascites, jaundice
Deranged
liver function test
Investigations
Alfa
–fetoprotein (AFP) usually increased. But if the tumor is small, the level is
normal and high if the tumor is large.
AFP
is also risen in presence of active hepatitis B with hepatitis C viral replications.
However, AFP is not a definite screening tool
for liver cancer.
Ultrasound
of the abdomen.
CT
abdomen
MRI
Liver
biopsy
Management
The
final decision is of liver transplantation. But hepatitis B and C may recur in
transplanted liver.
Homeopathic treatment
Since
the liver is one of the cardinal organs within the body, the disease like tumor
of liver is a serious health problem as the homeopathic philosophy says.
So
cure of cancer if it is in the early stage or in the end stage is a little difficult.
The
miasm travels from sycosis to syphilitic, the destructive procedure speed up when
the mental and physical health of individual worsens. But in view of
symptomatic relief, homeopathy stands at the forefront of other systems of treatment.
Likewise, in palliative aspect, homeopathic
medicines work very well and the survival rate and thereby the quality of life
also improves.
For
further information log on to www.onlinehomeocure.com
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
IBS consists of a group of gastro intestinal symptoms
particularly associated with lower bowel in the absence of demonstrable organic
pathology. There is
recurrent abdominal pain with altered bowel habits. Also is there is diarrhoea
or constipation and at times there is diarrhoea alternate with constipation. It
is also known as functional bowel disease or nervous colon.
The prevalence of IBS
is becoming more common in young adults. Since there is no recognizable
pathology it is believed to be the after effect of stress and strain and
sometimes when this situation is over the symptoms may also subside. But it may
relapse after some time, and in short it is a functional disorder. Young women
are affected 2-3 times more often than men. Majority of the patients have a
history of physical or sexual abuse.
About 50 % patients
with IBS meet the criteria for psychiatric diagnoses. However, it is not life-threatening
diseases. Whatever may be the symptoms patients do not lose weight and are
constitutionally well.
Criteria for IBS
Recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort for at least three
days per month in the last three month associated with two or more of the
following,
1) Improvement after defecation
2) Onset associated with change in frequency of stool.
Other symptoms are
a) Abnormal stool frequency
b) Abnormal stool form
c) Abnormal stool passage
d) Passage of mucus
e) Bloating or feeling of abdominal distension
Clinical types
1) Chronic abdominal pain with constipation
2) Diarrhoea predominant IBS
3) Mixed IBS
4) Disturbance of GI motility
Etiology
Marital difficulties and childhood physical abuses are
reported more commonly in chronic IBS symptoms.
Post infective cause
Onset of symptoms may follow an enteric infective episode
and IBS symptoms are common in patients with inflammatory disease.
Abnormal regulatory physiology
Patients with IBS have been reported to exhibit
exaggerated GI responses, either as intrinsic reflexes or to exogenously
infused drugs.
Diet
Colonic fiber fermentation may be a source of perceived
excess gas, and has led to a suggestion of a role of abnormal colonic bacterial
flora. Lactose and wheat are the main dietary factors.
Features of IBS
Altered bowel habit
Colicky abdominal pain
Rectal mucus
Abdominal distention
Feeling of incomplete defecation
Treatment
General
Diet regulation
Diet regulation is a must not only to control but to
cure IBS. Chocolate, caffeine, carbonated drinks, milk and milk products, are
to be avoided.
Alcohol and alcoholic beverages are also should be avoided.
Stop smoking
Avoid large and heavy meals
Include fiber-rich food in the diet. Whole-wheat bread, cereals,
vegetables, fruits are good sources of fibers. These
fiber foods help to distend the colon and thereby prevent the spasm.
Practice relaxation therapy and hypnotherapy for
relieving stress
Homeopathic
treatment and scope.
As we have seen from the article that IBS has no
demonstrable organic pathology, only homeopathy has got a better scope in the treatment.
The reason behind in the majority of the cases is a
conflict in the life situations as well bitter experiences throughout the life.
So this type of incidents will cause a stamped type of impact on the mind, and
that in due course will manifest as physical symptoms. Here the science of
homeopathy comes up. So a medicine that can penetrate into the subconscious
mind and unlock the conflicts, and the impacts, can only cure the physical
manifestations.
There are medicines in homeopathy that has a special
action in the mental sphere. By choosing the exact medicines based on the
causative factors, the conflicts and also assuming the physical symptoms
complete cure is possible. This is clinically verified several times and the
patients who are benefited certify the efficacy of homeopathy on IBS.
Medicines
Ignatia. Nat mur, Sepia, Arg nit, Nux vom etc. are
the commonly indicated remedies.
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NON ALCOHOLIC
FATTY DISEASE
NAFLD
disease prevalence is increasing in the society. It is increasing as the cases
of obesity are increasing, and it is one of the common causes for chronic liver
disease.
It
can be classified as simple non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFL) and non
alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
NHFL
usually causes no serious health problems, but NASH may progress and cause
liver disease like cirrhosis in the future.
NAFLD
increases with diabetes and certain drugs and exposure to petrochemicals.
Clinical features
Most
patients are asymptomatic but only with deranged liver function tests. Jaundice
occurs in advanced cases of cirrhosis. If a patient present with increased serum
transaminases in liver function test and also not alcoholic and screening in
chronic liver disease is negative, he should be suspected to NAFLD.
Investigations.
Liver
function tests
Ultrasound
of the abdomen
Liver
biopsy
Treatment
In
case of obesity -exercise and diet control
Avoided
fatty foods, eat vegetables and fruits.
In
diabetics- control the blood-sugar level.
Homeopathic treatment.
Along
with exercise and diet control, homeopathic medicines are highly effective in
the treatment of NAFLD. Medicine like Lycopodium, Nux vomica, Calc carb, Cholestrium
are also effective as seen in clinical practice. The efficacy can be confirmed
by infrequent examination of Liver function test.
For
treatment and related doubts mail to mail@doctorakbarkp.com
PEPTIC ULCER
Peptic ulcers are acute or chronic ulcers in any
part of the gastro intestinal tract caused by combined action of hydrochloric
acid and pepsin.
Acute peptic ulcer (Cushing's ulcer): these are
acute ulcers, which are multiple and superficial. They are located in the
oesophagus, stomach or duodenum. They are caused by septicemia, drugs, burns,
physical or mental trauma, operations of brain, CVA, anoxia, stressful condition,
etc.
GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCERS
The main cause of the gastric ulcer (70%) and
duodenal ulcer (90%) is due to the H pylori infection. And 30% of the gastric
ulcers are due to non steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)
H pylori are gram-negative motile bacteria. It is
found in the duodenum in association with patches of gastric metaplasia.
Other causes include-
Ò Smoking
Ò Spicy
and pungent foods
Ò Emotional
stress
Ò Alcohol
Ò Heredity
Clinical features
Ò Ulcer
can be moderate, very mild or severe. It can be located over an area about one
inch in diameter between xiphoid and umbilicus.
Ò Pain
in upper part of the abdomen - (in the pit of stomach or epigastrium)
Ò Hunger
pain-pain becomes worse when the stomach is empty.
Ò Water
brash
Ò Heart
burn
Ò Nausea
vomiting
Ò Night
pain causes the patient to wake up from sleep.
Signs:1)
Deep tenderness over the epigastrium (stomach pit).
2) Muscle guarding or rigidity may be present with
active ulcer or deeply penetrating ulcer.
3) Peristaltic waves may be observed in presence of
obstruction.
4) Occult blood in stools.
Chronic peptic ulcer: these are chronic ulcers in
the GI tract bathed in peptic juice. The site may be on lower end of the
oesophagus, lesser curvature of the stomach, duodenum, or in the Meckels
diverticulum.
Complications
1-Perforation-if it occurs the contents of the
stomach leaks to peritoneum causing peritonitis.
In perforation the patient experiences sudden, severe
pain usually in upper abdomen and then it spread to the whole abdomen. Due to
irritation of the diaphragm, the pain radiated to the tip of the shoulder
(referred pain). Pain is accompanied by shallow respiration and shock. Abdomen
become rigid and is ‘board like’
Diagnosis- in 50% of cases erect chest x ray show air
under the diaphragm.
2-gastric outlet obstruction-nausea vomiting and
abdominal distention are the main features. Food eaten 24 hours before or more
is vomited out. Visible gastric peristalsis is diagnostic.
3-bleeding.
Investigations
of peptic ulcer-
Complete blood count.
Plain x ray abdomen.
Endoscopic examination.
Biopsy.
Barium meal.
Stool examination for occult blood.
Differences
between gastric and duodenal ulcer.
Chance of malignancy is more common in gastric ulcer
than duodenal ulcer.
There may be vomiting of blood in gastric ulcer, but
in duodenal ulcer black stool due to presence of blood.
In gastric ulcer since pain become worse after
eating .Due to this patient refuses to eat, so weight loss. But in duodenal
ulcer, eating relieves the pain; so patient eats frequently so weight gain.
In gastric ulcer, pain is felt over the umbilicus
and left of the mid line, but in duodenal ulcer, pain felt above the umbilicus
and right to midline.
In gastric ulcer, there is no radiation of pain, but
duodenal ulcer pain radiates to back.
Treatment
Stop smoking, and alcohol
Avoid Spicy food and pungent food
Eat at frequent intervals
Homeopathic
treatment
Out of my years of experience, it is clearly evident
that homeopathic medicines are far superior to than any other system of
treatment. It, being a constitutional disorder, a treatment through
constitutional approach as homeopathy implies gives a permanent cure. It not
only prevents the recurrence but also prevents any chance of complication.
Usual homeopathic medicines are.
Nux vom, Ars alb, Phosphorus, Lycopodium, Robenia, etc.;
For treatment-related matters, please log on to www.onlinehomeocure.com
And can write to mail@doctorakbarkp.com
ULCERATIVE COLITIS
As the name indicates it is the inflammation and
ulceration of the colon. Another name of colon is the large intestine.
The inflammation may be restricted to rectum or
lower part of colon but sometimes the entire colon may be affected.
It is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases.
Types of UC depending up on the part affected are-
1) Pan colitis
The entire colon is affected.
2)-Proctitis
The disease limited to the rectum only.
3) Proctosigmoiditis
The disease limited to rectum and the part above it
ie: sigmoid colon
Etiology
The disease may subside over a period but may relapse
again. And in between the period, the patient may be completely symptoms free.
The main causative factors include-
1) Genetic
Ulcerative colitis may run in families.
2) Associated with autoimmune thyroiditis and
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
3) Environmental
4) Smoking
More common in nonsmokers and ex-smoker
Associated with low-residue and high refined sugar
diet
Appendicectomy protects against ulcerative colitis.
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Dietary factors
Clinical
features
Onset is gradual, bloody diarrhoea is the major
symptoms. The first attack is the severe, and it is followed by relapses and remission.
There are many provocative factors like gastroenteritis, NSAID, emotional stress,
etc.
Bleeding is the main symptoms if the rectum is
affected. Some develop constipation and pass pellet like stools and some in
small quantity at frequent intervals.
Bloody diarrhoea and mucus discharge is the main feature in proctosigmoiditis.
Majority of the patients are constitutionally well
but some may develop mild fever, lethargy and abdominal discomfort.
In severe
cases weight loss, malaise, abdominal pain, anorexia, and with fever and
tachycardia.
Treatment.
General measures
Patients with ulcerative colitis need to follow a
healthy diet. Avoid high refined sugar, meat and high fatty foods.
Have to avoid smoking and also abstain from alcohol.
Homeopathic
treatment
Since ulcerative colitis is a deep-seated disease,
complete cure needs a prolonged treatment. The miasm behind is syco syphilitic,
deep acting drug is needed to complete cure. And by prescribing anti miasmatic
remedies the immune mechanism will be corrected, and the patient will improve
without relapse.
The curability and duration of treatment depend upon-
The chronicity of the disease
Age of the patient-good and speedy prognosis in and
young and middle-aged people.
Duration of allopathic medication. Patient cannot
withdraw these medicines suddenly if they are on medication for a long time.
Instead when the symptoms are under control, gradual withdrawal is possible.
At first depending upon the present symptomatology
medicines is given to control the symptoms. The frequency of the repletion of
dose and selection of potency depends up the severity of the symptoms.
Once the patient is freed from the acute symptoms
the follow-up is with deep acting anti miasmatic remedy covering all the mental
and physical peculiarities of the patients.
In acute condition, the medicines usually prescribed
are –Merc sol, Merc cor, Acid nitricum, Ars alb, etc. and the potency of the
choice depend upon the prescriber.
In chronic cases to prevent relapses are syphilinum,
Thuja, Acid flour, etc. usually in high potency.
The overall prognosis is very good.
For treated cases visit the case study page in www.onlinehomeocure.com
mail to mail@doctorakbarkp.com
VIRAL HEPATITIS
The
most common cause of jaundice is viral hepatitis.
Viral
hepatitis may be due to-
Hepatitis
Hepatitis
B
Hepatitis
C
Hepatitis
E
Viral
hepatitis may also be due to the virus like Epstein-Bar virus, herpes simplex
virus or due to yellow fever.
Clinical features.
Very
vague signs and symptoms are there in hepatitis.
Headache,
nausea, vomiting, myalgia, joint pain precedes the development of jaundice.
This
is followed by diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort.
Urine
becomes dark and stool is pale, there is pain on palpation over the site of
liver, but liver is minimally enlarged.
Investigations.
Liver
function tests
Serum
transaminases rises between 200 to 2000U/L.
Alkaline
phosphatase rarely exceeds twice the upper limit of normal.
White
cell count is normal.
But
lymphocytes are increased.
HEPATITIS A
Hepatitis A (HAV) –it
is highly infectious and spread is through oro-faecal route. Infected individual shreds the virus through
the faeces about 2-3 weeks before the onset of symptoms and 2 weeks after the
onset of symptoms. Poor sanitation and overcrowding are the main source of
infection. Sometime water and shellfish may act as a vehicle of transmission.
But chronic carrier state is not there. Diagnosis is the evidence an anti HAV
in the blood.
Improving
the social situations like overcrowding, poor sanitation will prevent the
outbreak.
Prognosis
is usually good. But patients in chronic liver disease cause serious problems
to health.
HEPATITIS B
In Hepatitis B -Humans are only the source of infection.
It is one of the most common causes of chronic liver failure and hepatocellular
carcinoma in the world. The peculiarity of acute infection of Hepatitis B is that,
acute infection is asymptomatic, especially when acquired by birth. And majority
among the people with chronic hepatitis is also asymptomatic. When it is associated
with serum transaminases in blood, there is a chance of cirrhosis of liver
after a period of years.
The
source of infection determines the progression of the chronic liver disease.
The
transmission from mother for the child in the perinatal period is the most
common cause of infection and carries the highest risk.
Route of transmission of hepatitis B -
Injection ,drug use.
Infected
blood products.
Acupuncture
needles, tattoos.
Homosexual
and heterosexual activities.
90%
of transmission is from HbsAg positive mother.
HEPATITIS
D
Hepatitis D - (HDV)
virus has no independent existence. The source and mode of spread are same as
Hepatitis B VIRUS. An individual can get hepatitis D virus infection
simultaneously with HBV or as an added infection in a carrier of HBV.
The blood
finding of anti-HDV is the evidence of HDV infection.
Prevention of hepatitis B effectively prevents hepatitis DD.
HEPATITIS C
Acute
symptomatic infection with hepatitis C is rare. So the infection is identified
only after development of chronic liver disease. But it is not necessary that
everyone who got infected with hepatitis C should develop cirrhosis. 20% of the
persons infected with hepatitis may get cirrhosis within 20 years.
Risk factors for hepatitis C infection-
Intravenous drug
misuse
Needles stick
injury, unclean vaccination needles.
Sharing tooth brushes,
razors, and brushes.
Liver biopsy is needed to stage the degree of liver damage.
HEPATITIS E
The spread of
hepatitis E is through oro-faecal route like hepatitis A. In the majority f the
cases it is self-limiting, and does not cause cirrhosis.
However, if a
pregnant lady gets an infection with hepatitis E, the chance of acute liver
failure is very high and also the mortality.
Treatment.
The treatment of
hepatitis A and E is comparatively safe with homeopathy.
As a primary
measure, keeping good hygiene and drinking boiled and cooled water will prevent
the spread.
Homeopathic
medicine is highly recommended for the above type of hepatitis.
Medicines like chelidonium,
Merc sol, Nux vom etc.are usually very effective and the symptoms as well as the blood reports become normal
within a week's time.
Hepatitis B and C-since the outcome of
Hepatitis B and C is very serious and fatal, deep acting medicines are
necessary. And the patient can continue
homeopathic medicines along with the present medication or can take homeopathic
medicine only.
There
are many remedies that are effective for Hepatitis B and E. The duration of
treatment depends on the chronicity of the disease, age of the patient.
What is HBsAg?
HBsAg is the surface antigen detected in
the blood from a person infected
with Hepatitis B virus (HBV).It is also known as Australia antigen, since it
was first isolated in the serum of an Australian.
If the blood test is positive for HBsAg, it indicates that person is
infected with hepatitis B. Majority of HBsAg patients may be healthy without
any symptoms, but some may have biochemical or histological evidence of chronic
liver diseases.
Nowadays, blood donors are screened for HBsAg before transfusion, and
this has reduced the post transfusion infection almost completely.
In blood examination, if it says
HBsAg positive means, you have active hepatitis B infection and can pass the
virus to others through their blood or infected body fluids.
In blood examinations if the level of HbsAg is less than 1s/c (signal
per cutoff) it is considered as negative. And the value above 5 s/c is
positive. Since there is no clear-cut standardization between laboratories the
values are noted as positive or negative.